CAM-based search engine devices having index translation capability

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit chip includes a search engine including a content addressable memory (CAM) configured to produce CAM indices responsive to search instructions provided to the search engine. The search engine further includes an index translation circuit operatively coupled to the CAM and configured to provide translation of the CAM indices to another memory space, such as from an absolute index space associated with the CAM to a memory space associated with a database within the CAM or to a memory space of a device external to the chip, such as a command source or external SRAM.

REFERENCE TO PRIORITY APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/721,036, filed Nov. 21, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/714,680, filed Nov. 14, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/698,246, filed Oct. 31, 2003, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/516,178, filed Oct. 31, 2003, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to integrated circuit devices that support search operations and, more particularly, to CAM-based search engine devices and methods of operating same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional network processor units (NPU) may be interfaced to integrated IP coprocessors (IIPC) in a manner that enables both SRAMs and IIPCs to be operated on the same memory mapped bus. As illustrated by FIG. 1, a conventional IIPC 30 may be coupled through a standard memory mapped interface to an NPU 10, which operates as a command source. The address bits ADDR[23-22] represent a two-bit select field that identifies one of four possible IIPCs on the bus for which a read operation is directed. The NPU 10 may include an SRAM controller that is based on FIFO communication. The SRAM controller includes internal bus control state machines 20 and pin control state machines 14. Data and address information is transferred between these state machines using push and pull data FIFOs 12 a and 12 d and read and write command FIFOs 12 b and 12 c that supply read and write addresses to the pin control state machines 14.

The IIPC 30 is illustrated as including a content addressable memory (CAM) core 36 and logic 38 that couples the CAM core 36 to the memory mapped interface. This memory mapped interface is illustrated as including read control logic 32 and write control logic 34. The write control logic 34 is configured to receive an address ADDR[21:0], a write enable signal WE_N[1:0], input data DATAIN[15:0] and input parameters PARIN[1:0]. The read control logic 32 is configured to receive the address ADDR[21:0] and a read enable signal RE_N[1:0] and generate output data DATAOUT[15:0] and output parameters PAROUT [1:0]. Like the SRAM controller within the NPU 10, this memory mapped interface is based on FIFO communication. The IIPC 30 performs operations using the input data DATAIN[15:0] and input parameters PARIN[1:0] and then passes back result values to the NPU 10. The timing between the receipt of the input parameters and the return of the corresponding result values is not fixed. Instead, it is determined by the amount of time the IIPC 30 requires to execute the specified instruction and depends on the number and type of other instructions currently pending within the IIPC 30.

These pending instructions are initially logged into respective instruction control registers 50 that support a plurality of separate contexts (shown as a maximum of 128). These instructions may be processed in a pipelined manner. The result values generated at the completion of each context are provided to respective result mailboxes 40. The validity of the result values within the mailboxes 40 is identified by the status of the done bit within each result mailbox 40. Accordingly, if a read operation is performed before the result values are ready, the NPU 10 will be able to check the validity of the done bit associated with each set of result values to determine whether the corresponding values of valid. However, because there can be multiple contexts in progress within the IIPC 30 at any given time and because the completion of the contexts does not necessarily occur in the same sequence as the requests were made, the NPU 10 may need to regularly poll the result mailboxes 40 at relatively high frequency to obtain new results as they become valid. Unfortunately, such regular polling can consume a substantial amount of the bandwidth of instructions that are issued to the IIPC 30 and lead to relatively high levels of operational inefficiency when the IIPC 30 is running a large number of contexts. Thus, notwithstanding the IIPC 30 of FIG. 1, which is capable of supporting a large number of contexts, there continues to be need for more efficient ways to communicate result status information from an IIPC to a command source, such as an NPU.

Referring now to FIG. 2A, another conventional IIPC 300 includes a memory mapped interface 302 having a write interface 304 and a read interface 306 therein. These write and read interfaces 304 and 306 may be configured as quad data rate interfaces that communicate to and from a command source (e.g., ASIC or NPU) having a compatible interface. A clock generator circuit 308 may also be provided that is responsive to an external clock EXTCLK. This clock generator circuit 308 may include delay and/or phase locked loop integrated circuits that operate to synchronize internal clocks within the IIPC 300 with the external clock EXTCLK. A reset circuit 310, which is configured to support reset and/or power-up operations, is responsive to a reset signal RST. Context sensitive logic 312 may support the processing of multiple contexts. The context sensitive logic 312 may include an instruction memory 316 that receives instructions from the write interface 304 and a results mailbox 314 that may be accessed via the read interface 306. The instruction memory 316 may be configured as a FIFO memory device. The results mailbox 314 is a context specific location where the IIPC 300 places results returned from a previously issued command.

The internal CAM core 330 is illustrated as a ternary CAM core that contains a data array and a mask array 328. This CAM core 330 may be configurable into a plurality of independently searchable databases. General and database configuration registers 318 are also provided along with global mask registers GMRs 320. These registers provide data to instruction loading and execution logic 332, which may operate as a finite state machine (FSM). The instruction loading and execution logic 332 communicates with the CAM core 330 and the result logic 334. If the IIPC 300 is configured to support a depth-cascaded mode of operation, a cascade interface 338 may be provided for passing data and results to (and from) another IIPC (not shown). The instruction loading and execution logic 332 may also pass data to and from an external memory device, via an SRAM interface 336. IIPC 300 may include an aging logic 321 that automatically removes stale entries from an internal CAM core 330. The aging logic 321 is illustrated as including two memory arrays: an age enable array 322 and an age activity array 324. These memory arrays may have bit positions that map directly to entries within the CAM core 330.

The CAM core 330 (and other CAM cores in other IIPCs depth cascaded with the IIPC 300) are partitioned into segments (or blocks). Individual segments or groups of segments may be allocated, for example, to various databases, such as search tables associated with various packet headers or other packet content. In the conventional IIPC 300, search results are generated in the form of absolute indices which provide information on the device (i.e., an identifier of an NSE in a search machine comprising plurality of depth-cascaded NSEs), segment, and segment offset of a match to a particular search key, as shown in FIG. 2B. These absolute indices may be provided to the results mailbox 314 for use by, for example, an NPU. Absolute indices may also be provided to the SRAM interface 336, where they may be used as addresses for accessing associated data (e.g., next hop addresses) in an external SRAM.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to various aspects of the present invention, an integrated circuit chip includes a CAM-based search engine with an index translation capability. Such an index translation can, for example, provide for translation from an “absolute” index in a searchable memory space of a search machine comprising one or more such search engine devices to a more useable format, such as a database relative index, a memory pointer for a memory associated with a command source, and/or a memory address in an external memory (e.g., SRAM) associated with the search machine. Such translation can reduce or eliminate instruction cycles in the command source and, thus, can increase overall system performance and/or throughput. According to additional aspects, the index translation circuit may be configurable (e.g., programmable) to provide respective different index translations for respective CAM segments in a search machine such that, for example, absolute indices can be returned for a first database, database relative indices may be returned for a second database, memory pointers may be returned for a third database, and addresses for associated data SRAM may be generated for a fourth database. Such segment-by-segment translation can provide more design flexibility for multi-level search applications, and can allow for more efficient usage of external memory, as CAM segments that are not used for associated data functions need not be allocated space in the external memory. According to additional aspects, the translation can account for varying entry sizes for databases stored in the search machine and/or for varying entry sizes in command source associated memory or external memory attached to the search machine.

According to still further aspects, index translation according to some embodiments of the present invention can provide an ability to more efficiently use memory space, such as external data SRAM, associated with a search engine device. Thus, for example, in contrast with conventional techniques wherein CAM indices are directly used to address external SRAM, index translation according to embodiments of the present invention can avoid allocating external memory space to CAM segments that do not have associated data.

In particular, according to some embodiments of the present invention, an integrated circuit chip includes a search engine including a CAM configured to produce CAM indices responsive to search instructions provided to the search engine. The search engine further includes an index translation circuit operatively coupled to the CAM and configured to provide translation of the CAM indices to another memory space, such as from an absolute index space associated with the CAM to a memory space associated with a database within the CAM or to memory space of a device external to the chip, such as a command source or external SRAM. The index translation circuit may be configurable, e.g., programmable, to provide independent index mappings for respective segments of the CAM. According to further embodiments, the index translation circuit may be configured to receive CAM indices from a second search machine device, e.g., in a depth-cascaded arrangement, and may be configurable to provide independent index mappings for respective segments of the second search machine device.

In further embodiments of the present invention, an integrated circuit chip includes a search engine including a CAM configurable to store a plurality of databases and operative to produce CAM indices in an index space of a search machine including the search engine responsive to search instructions provided to the search engine. The search engine further includes an index translation circuit operatively coupled to the CAM and configured to translate the CAM indices produced by the CAM to database relative indices.

The index translation circuit may include a mapping table operative to associate respective combinations of a shift factor and a base address for a database with respective CAM segment identifiers, wherein the shift factors indicate database entry size. The index translation circuit may be operative to receive a CAM index, to identify a base address and a shift factor corresponding to a CAM segment identifier in the received CAM index, to concatenate the identified base address with a segment entry offset in the received CAM index, and to shift the concatenated result according to the identified shift factor to produce a database relative index.

According to further aspects of the present invention, an integrated circuit chip includes a search engine that includes a programmable index translation circuit operatively coupled to a CAM and configurable to provide a plurality of different index translations. In particular, the index translation circuit may include a programmable mapping table configurable to provide a plurality of index translations. The mapping table may be configurable to map indices to database relative indices and/or memory addresses for a memory space external to the chip.

The mapping table may be configurable to associate respective combinations of a shift factor and a base address for a database with respective CAM segment identifiers, wherein the shift factors indicate database entry size. The index translation circuit may be operative to receive a CAM index, to identify a base address and a shift factor corresponding to a CAM segment identifier in the received CAM index, to concatenate the identified base address with a segment entry offset in the received CAM index, and to shift the concatenated result according to the identified shift factor to produce a database relative index corresponding to the received CAM index.

The mapping table may be further configurable to associate respective combinations of a shift factor and a base address for a memory space external to the chip with respective CAM segment identifiers, wherein the shift factors indicate a data size in the memory space and an entry size of CAM space corresponding to the memory space. The index translation circuit may be operative receive a CAM index, to identify a shift factor and a base address corresponding to a CAM segment identifier in the received CAM index, to shift a segment entry offset in the received CAM index according to the identified shift factor, and to add the shifted result to the identified base address to produce a memory address in the external memory space corresponding to the received CAM index.

In still further embodiments of the present invention, an integrated circuit chip includes a search engine that includes an index translation circuit operatively coupled to a CAM and configured to store memory entry size information and to provide translation of CAM indices based on the stored memory entry size information. The memory entry size information may include entry size information for a database in the CAM. The memory entry size information may further include entry size information for a memory external to the chip, e.g., in a command source or associated external memory chip. The index translation circuit may be configured to store a base address and entry-size-based shift factor for a memory space and to generate a translated address or index from a CAM index according to the base address and the shift factor.

Methods of operating an integrated circuit search engine chip are also described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a network processor unit having an SRAM controller therein that is coupled to a conventional integrated IP-coprocessor (IIPC).

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of a conventional IIPC.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating an absolute index format utilized by the conventional IIPC of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3 is an electrical schematic that illustrates an integrated search engine device having result status signaling, according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an integrated circuit system that includes a pair of network processor units (NPUs) and an integrated search engine device having two quad data rate interfaces, according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a CAM-based search engine device with index translation capability, according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of operations that illustrates methods of reporting entries that have been aged out of a search engine device, according to embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 6 includes FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B.

FIG. 7A illustrates a plurality of memory devices that may be used in a aging control circuit illustrated in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7B illustrates the mapping of bit positions within an age report enable memory array to a CAM core illustrated in FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram that illustrates how the search engine device of FIG. 5 may be depth-cascaded in a system that supports per entry age reporting across multiple search engine devices.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a search engine device that is configured to block the learning of duplicate entries in response to search and learn (SNL) instructions.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of operations that illustrate methods of performing search and learn (SNL) instructions according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 11A–11H illustrate how equivalent SNL instructions that are received close in time are processed in the search engine devices of FIGS. 5 and 9.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of operations that illustrate additional methods of performing search (SEARCH) and learn (LEARN) instructions according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an index translation circuit in an integrated circuit chip according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating index translation logic and data paths of the search engine device of FIG. 5 according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating index translation in a depth-cascade of search engine devices according to further embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates organization of a segment mapping table with respect to CAM core segments for index translation according to further embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates organization of a segment mapping table relative to an associated data SRAM according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary data format for index mapping data in a segment mapping table according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating a “substitute then shift” index translation procedure according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating a “shift then add” index translation procedure according to further embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplary index mapping data format for the search engine device of FIGS. 5 and 14.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary operations for translation of an absolute index to a database relative index according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 23 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary operations for translation of an absolute index to a command source memory pointer according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 24 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary operations for translation of an absolute index to an associated data SRAM address according to some embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention now will be described more fully herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout and signal lines and signals thereon may be referred to by the same reference characters. Signals may also be synchronized and/or undergo minor boolean operations (e.g., inversion) without being considered different signals. Moreover, when a device or element is stated as being responsive to a signal(s), it may be directly responsive to the signal(s) or indirectly responsive to the signal(s) (e.g., responsive to another signal(s) that is derived from the signal(s)).

Referring now to FIG. 3, an integrated IP coprocessor (IIPC) 100 that is configured to operate as an integrated search engine device according to embodiments of the present invention will be described. This IIPC 100 includes a CAM core 120 having at least one database of searchable entries therein. In typical embodiments, the CAM core 120 may have as many as sixteen independently searchable databases. Programmable power management circuitry (not shown) may also be integrated with the CAM core 120 so that only a selected database(s) consumes power during a search operation. CAM cores having a fewer or larger number of databases are also possible. The CAM core 120 is electrically coupled to a control circuit. The control circuit is illustrated as including a scheduler, a finite state machine and logic 110 that can support multiple overlapping contexts. The control circuit is further illustrated as including: a plurality of result mailboxes 90, a result status register(s) 80, a result status select register 70, an interrupt indication circuit 60 a and a non-interrupt indication circuit 60 b. The result status register 80, result status select register, interrupt indication circuit 60 a and non-interrupt indication circuit 60 b collective define a result status notification circuit. The result mailboxes are illustrated as having a capacity to support result values from as many as 128 contexts. These mailboxes 90 also retain information that identifies whether the result values are valid or not. Result values are valid when the respective context is complete and the result values generated by the completed context have been loaded into a respective mailbox 90. When this occurs, the done status bit (DONE) associated with a respective mailbox 90 is set and remains set until such time as the respective mailbox 90 is read, at which point it is reset. The result status register(s) 80 is configured to retain a copy of the done status bits for the result mailboxes 90. In the illustrated embodiment, the result status register 80 is illustrated as a 128-bit register. This register may be partitioned at 32-bit segments (i.e., four registers), which support efficient reading of the contents of the result status register 80 across a 32-bit wide bus at a single data rate (SDR) or a 16-bit wide bus at a dual data rate (DDR). The result status register 80 receives and generates a 128-bit result status signal RS<0:127>, which indicates the states of completion of a corresponding plurality of contexts being handled by the search engine device. For example, if the result status signal RS<0:127> is set to the value of <0101000 . . . 000110>, then contexts 1, 3, 125 and 126 are done and the result values for those contexts are valid and the remaining contexts are not done.

The result status select register(s) 70 is a 128-bit programmable register that generates a result status select signal RSS<0:127>. This signal operates to select one of two indication circuits for receipt of active bits within the result status signal RS<0:127>. These indication circuits are illustrated as an interrupt indication circuit 60 a and a non-interrupt indication circuit 60 b. The interrupt indication circuit 60 a includes an interrupt generator 64 that generates an interrupt INT to the command host 140 via the memory mapped interface 130. The interrupt generator 64 may also generate interrupts in response to other activity within the control circuit, according to a predefined protocol. In contrast, the non-interrupt indication circuit 60 b generates an asynchronous aggregate result status signal (ARS) to the command host 140 via the memory mapped interface 130. This ARS signal is configured to have a leading edge that occurs when a first one of a selected plurality of contexts is completed and an active level that is held so long as at least one of the selected plurality of contexts remains completed (i.e., done status bit remains set).

The interrupt indication circuit 60 a has a first bank 62 a of AND gates that output to an OR gate 68 a. The non-interrupt indication circuit 60 b has a second bank 62 b of AND gates that output to an OR gate 68 b. When one or more bits of the result status select signal RSS<0:127> are set high to logic 1 levels, then the corresponding result status signals RS<0:127> are passed to the inputs of the OR gate 68 a. If any of these result status signals are switched to active logic 1 values, then the output of the OR gate 68 a will switch and cause the interrupt generator 64 to produce an interrupt INT at the memory mapped interface 130. But, when one or more bits of the result status select signal RSS<0:127> are set low to logic 0 levels, then the corresponding result status signals RS<0:127> are passed to the input of the OR gate 68 b. Accordingly, if the result status select signal RSS<0:127> is set so that RSS<0:127>=<00000 . . . 0000>, then the aggregate result status signal at the output of the OR gate 68 b will be switched high (or held high) whenever any of the result status bits RS<0:127> is set high to indicate the completed state of a respective context. Alternatively, if the result status select signal RSS<0:127> is set so that RSS<0:127>=<11111 . . . 1111>, then the signal at the output of the OR gate 68 a will be switched high (or held high) whenever any of the result status bits RS<0:127> is set high to indicate the completed state of a respective context. In this manner, the result status select register 70 provides programmable control over how the result status signals are to be reported to the command host 140.

Based on the above-described configuration of the control circuit, the completion of any context within the IIPC 100 will result in the transfer of result values from the scheduler, state machine and logic 110 to a corresponding result mailbox 90. Assuming this context represents a first-to-finish operation (e.g., lookup within the CAM core), then the setting of the respective done bit within the result mailbox 90 will result in the latching of this done information by the result status register(s) 80. If this done information relates to context 0, then the result status signal RS<0:127> will equal <10000 . . . 000>. If the result status select register is set so that the result status select signal RSS<0:127> equals <0XXXXXX . . . X>, where X represents a “don't care” for purposes of this example, then the aggregate result status signal ARS will be set to an active high level and passed from the memory mapped interface 130 to the command host 140. Alternatively, if the result status select register is set so that the result status select signal RSS<0:127> equals <1XXXXXX . . . X>, then the output of the OR gate 68 a within the interrupt indication circuit 60 a will switch high. This active high signal at an input of the interrupt generator 64 will result in the generation of an interrupt that passes to the memory mapped interface 130 and the command host 140.

In response to the generation of an interrupt INT or an active high aggregate result status signal ARS, the command host 140 may issue an operation to read the result status register 80. This operation includes generating an address ADDR[23:0] to the memory mapped interface 130. The fields of this address are illustrated by TABLE 1. The two most significant bits of the address operate to select the particular IIPC 100 for which the read operation is destined. The seven address bits ADDR<21:15> identify a particular context within a range of 128 possible contexts. The eleven address bits ADDR<4:14> are not used. The address bit ADDR<3> represents a result status identifier (RES_STATUS). If this bit is set to a first logic value (e.g., 0), then an entry within the result mailbox 90 associated with the designated context is to be read back to the command host 140. On the other hand, if the result status identifier is set to a second logic value (e.g., 1), then a designated portion of the result status register 80, which identifies the value of 32 result status signals, is to be read back to the command host. The final 3-bit portion of the address, shown as ADDR<2:0>, identifies an entry value. As illustrated by TABLE 2, this entry value identifies one of eight entries to be read from the designated result mailbox 90 when the result status identifier RES_STATUS is set to a logic 0 value. Alternatively, the entry value identifies one of four portions of the result status register 80 to read from when the result status identifier is set to a logic 1 value. In this manner, four consecutive read operations may be performed to enable the command host to read the entire contents of the result status register 80 and thereby readily identify which ones of the 128 result mailboxes 90 contain valid result values.

TABLE 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 S CONTEXT NOT USED R ENTRY E E VALUE L S E C S T T A T U S

TABLE 2 ENTRY RES_STATUS VALUE ACTION 0 000 READ ENTRY 0 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 0 001 READ ENTRY 1 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 0 010 READ ENTRY 2 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 0 011 READ ENTRY 3 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 0 100 READ ENTRY 4 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 0 101 READ ENTRY 5 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 0 110 READ ENTRY 6 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 0 111 READ ENTRY 7 IN CONTEXT SPECIFIC MAILBOX 1 000 READ RESULT STATUS BITS [31:0] 1 001 READ RESULT STATUS BITS [63:32] 1 010 READ RESULT STATUS BITS [95:64] 1 011 READ RESULT STATUS BITS [127:96] 1 100 RESERVED 1 101 RESERVED 1 110 RESERVED 1 111 RESERVED

Referring now to FIG. 4, an integrated circuit system 200 according to another embodiment of the present invention will be described. This system 200 is illustrated as including an IIPC 100′ that is configured in accordance with the IIPC 100 of FIG. 3. In addition, the IIPC 100′ includes a pair of memory mapped interfaces 130 a and 130 b that communicate with a pair of network processor units (NPUs) 140 a and 140 b. Each memory mapped interface 130 a and 130 b is associated with respective mailboxes (90 a and 90 b), result status notification circuits (66 a and 66 b) and pipelined instruction circuits 112 a and 112 b. These pipelined instruction circuits 112 a and 112 b share access to a round robin scheduler and finite state machine 110 a. Logic circuits, in the form of SRAM logic 110 c and result logic 110 b, communicate with the CAM core 120 and the state machine 110 a.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a CAM-based search engine device 500 according to another embodiment of the present invention has the capability of performing age reporting on a per entry basis to a command host(s). The search engine device 500 is illustrated as including a ternary CAM core 522 and a number of surrounding logic circuits, registers and memory devices that collectively operate as a control circuit that is coupled to the CAM core 522. This control circuit is configured to perform the functions and operations described herein. The search engine device 500 may include a peripheral controller interconnect (PCI) interface 502, which is configured to enable a control plane processor to have direct access to the search engine device 500. Instructions received at the PCI interface 502 are passed to an interface logic circuit 508 having an instruction memory (e.g., FIFO) and results mailbox therein. The search engine device 500 also includes a dual memory mapped interface, which is typically a dual quad data rate interface. The first memory mapped interface 504 contains a write interface and a read interface that can support communication with a network processor unit (e.g., NPU 0). The second memory mapped interface 506 also contains a write interface and a read interface that can support communication with a network processor unit (e.g., NPU 1).

A clock generator circuit 530 and reset logic circuit 532 are also provided. The clock generator circuit 530 may include a delay and/or phase locked loop circuit that is configured to generate internal clock signals that are synchronized with an external clock signal EXTCLK. The reset logic circuit 532 may be configured to perform reset operations when the device 500 is initially powered up or after a chip reset event has occurred. An SRAM interface 534 may also be provided to enable transfer of data to and from an external memory device (e.g., associated SRAM). A cascade interface 536 is provided to support depth-cascading between the search engine device 500, operating as a “master” device, and a plurality of additional “slave” search engine devices that may be coupled together as illustrated and described more fully hereinbelow with respect to FIG. 8. Other cascading arrangements are also possible.

First and second context sensitive logic circuits 510 and 512 are coupled to the first and second memory mapped interfaces 504 and 506, respectively. These context sensitive logic circuits 510 and 512 are illustrated as including instruction FIFOs and results mailboxes. The context sensitive logic circuits 510 and 512 may also includes results status circuits that are configured to generate respective aggregate result status signals (ARS) and interrupts, as described more fully hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 3-4. The interrupts may also be used to signify when the age reporting functions may be commenced.

An instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524 is provided with an instruction scheduler 527 and a search and learn (SNL) cache 525. This logic circuit 524 may perform the functions of a finite state machine (FSM) that controls access to the CAM core 522 and utilizes resources provided by specialized function registers 514, global mask registers 516, parity generation and checking circuitry 520 and an aging control logic circuit 518. The SNL cache 525 may support the performance of search learn operations within the CAM core 522. During search operations, the instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524 provides the CAM core 522 with search words that may be derived from search keys received at a memory mapped interface. In response to a search operation, the CAM core 522 may generate a plurality of hit signals that are encoded to identify an address of a highest priority matching entry within the CAM core 522. This address may also be encoded as an absolute index that specifies the location of the highest priority matching entry with a multi-chip search machine. In some embodiments, the address may be provided to an index translation logic circuit 526 (ITL). This index translation logic circuit 526 may modify the addresses relative to a selected database to thereby create database relative indexes. Alternatively, the addresses may be modified relative to an NPU-attached associated SRAM to thereby create memory pointer indexes. A results logic circuit 528 is also provided. The results logic circuit 528 is configured to pass results values from the index translation logic circuit 526, the instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524 and the cascade interface 536 to results mailboxes associated with the context sensitive logic circuits 510 and 512 and the interface logic circuit 508.

The aging control logic circuit 518 is illustrated as including a plurality of memory devices, which may be updated as each entry is written into the CAM core 522 and during periodic aging operations. These memory devices include a quad arrangement of SRAM memory arrays 700 a–700 d, as illustrated more fully by FIG. 7A. These memory arrays include an age enable memory array 700 a, an age activity memory array 700 b, an age report enable memory array 700 c and an age FIFO select memory array 700 d. In the illustrated embodiment, each bit position within each memory array maps to a corresponding entry within the CAM core 522. Thus, memory arrays having a capacity of 8 k rows and 32 columns will support a CAM core 522 having 256 k entries therein. FIG. 7B illustrates in detail how each bit within the age report enable array 700 c maps to a respective entry within the CAM core 255 having 256 k entries (i.e., 262,144 entries).

The data within the age enable memory array 700 a identifies which CAM core entries are subject to aging. For example, each bit position within the age enable memory array 700 a that is set to a logic 1 value (or logic 0 value) may reflect a corresponding CAM core entry that is subject to (or not subject to) aging. Each bit position within the age activity memory array 700 b may reflect whether a corresponding CAM core entry has remained active since the time it was first written into the CAM core 522. For example, a logic value of 1 may reflect an active CAM core entry that has been the subject of a “hit” during a search operation (or one that has been relatively recently written to the CAM core) and a logic value of 0 may reflect an inactive CAM core entry that is ready to be aged out of the CAM core 522. Some of the automated aging operations associated with the age enable and age activity memory arrays 700 a–700 b are described more fully hereinabove with reference to FIG. 2B and the age enable and age activity memory arrays 322 and 324 in FIG. 2A.

The age report enable memory array 700 c reflects which entries are to be reported to a command host in response to being aged out of the CAM core 522. In the event a report only aging feature is provided on a global (i.e., full CAM core), per database and/or per entry basis, the age report enable memory array 700 c may also identify those entries that have exceeded an activity-based aging threshold but have not undergone a final aging out operation (i.e., their valid bits have not been reset to an invalid condition). Thus, a bit position having a logic value of 1 within the age report enable memory array 700 c may identify a corresponding CAM core entry as being subject to age reporting. In contrast, a bit position having a logic value of 0 within the age report enable memory array 700 c may identify a corresponding CAM core entry as not being subject to age reporting when the entry is aged out of the CAM core 522.

The age FIFO select memory array 700 d reflects where an entry, which is already the subject of age reporting, is reported to upon being aged out of the CAM core 522. By using one bit per CAM entry, one of two possible age reporting locations is possible. These two age reporting locations include a first FIFO (FIFO 0) and a second FIFO (FIFO 1), which are located within the aging control logic circuit 518. These FIFOs may each have a capacity of 255 entries. By using a larger memory array, which supports two or more bits per CAM entry, a greater number of age reporting locations may be identified by the age FIFO select memory array 700 d. These first and second FIFOs may be accessed from any of the illustrated interfaces.

The instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524 also operates to control the periodic reporting of the addresses/indexes of the entries from the reporting locations (i.e., FIFO 0 and FIFO 1) to a command host. The phrase “periodic reporting” includes regularly spaced or intermittent reporting that is initiated by the command host or possibly initiated by the IIPC. These reporting operations are performed with the assistance of a plurality of the specialized function registers 514. These registers 514 include a first level count register and a second level count register. The first level count register is configured to maintain a count of unreported addresses that are stored in aging FIFO 0 and the second level count register is configured to maintain a count of unreported addresses that are stored in aging FIFO 1. The registers 514 also includes a first level configuration register and a second level configuration register. The first level configuration register is configured to maintain a programmable threshold count value that specifies how many addresses can be stored in aging FIFO 0 before the control circuit issues an interrupt to the command host (e.g., NPU 0) to thereby prompt the command host to issue a read request for the addresses stored within aging FIFO 0. Similarly, the second level configuration register is configured to maintain a programmable threshold count value that specifies how many addresses can be stored in aging FIFO 1 before the control circuit issues an interrupt to the command host (e.g., NPU 1) to thereby prompt the command host to issue a read request for the addresses stored within aging FIFO 1. The registers 514 may also include a first interrupt timer register that operates as a timer to support generation of an interrupt to the command host when no new addresses have been reported to aging FIFO 0 during a programmed time interval and at least one unreported address is stored within aging FIFO 0. This first interrupt timer is used so that the command host (e.g., NPU 0) is aware of the presence of at least one address within aging FIFO 0, even though the threshold count value stored in the first level configuration register has not been exceeded. A second interrupt timer register is also provided to operate in a similar manner with respect to aging FIFO 1.

Aging operations performed by the control circuit of FIG. 5, which includes the instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524 and the aging control logic circuit 518, include the operations illustrated by FIG. 6. In FIG. 6A, the aging feature of the search engine device 500 may be activated to support age reporting on a per entry basis, Block 600. Once activated, multiple operations are performed in parallel to generate global aging operation requests and age service requests on a per database basis. At Block 602, a check is made to determine whether a global aging operation has been requested. If so, a round-robin arbitration operation is performed on any pending database age servicing requests 604. As illustrated by FIG. 2B, global aging operation requests and database age servicing requests may be generated by programmable aging registers that are configured as countdown counters. The aging counters for those databases that have been programmed to not support aging may be disabled. At Block 606, an aging operation that supports reporting is performed on an entry within a selected database and then control is returned back to Block 602 to await the next global aging operation request.

Blocks 610-616 illustrate a sequence of operations that may be performed to generate each aging operation request on a global basis within the search engine device. At Block 610, a countdown operation is commenced in a global aging register and a check is continuously made at Block 612 to determine whether a countdown operation has completed. If so, an aging operation is requested (see, Block 602) and the global aging register count is reloaded into the global aging register, Block 616.

Blocks 618-624 illustrate operations that may be used to generate age service requests for respective databases. If a CAM core is configured to support a maximum of 16 databases, then sixteen sets of operations corresponding to Blocks 618-624 are performed in parallel at potentially different frequencies. As illustrated by Block 618, a countdown operation is performed on a database aging register at a specified frequency. When the count reaches zero, an age service request is issued for the corresponding database Blocks 620-622. At Block 624, the corresponding database aging register count is reinitialized and the operations are repeated. The database aging register count values should be sufficiently high to prevent a backlog of age service requests for a given database when the round-robin arbitration of the database age servicing requests is performed, Block 606.

As illustrated by FIG. 6B, operations 606 for performing aging on a selected entry within a selected database include a checking operation to determine whether a selected entry is subject to aging, Block 632. This operation includes checking the corresponding bit position within the age enable memory array 700 a to determine whether the entry is subject to aging. If the selected entry is subject to aging, then a check is made to see if the entry is active or not, Block 636. If the age activity memory array 700 b indicates that the entry is active (e.g., the age activity bit is set to 1), then the corresponding age activity bit is reset and the aging operation is complete, Block 634. However, if the entry is not active (e.g., the age activity bit is set to 0), then a check is made at Block 637 to determine whether report-only aging is enabled. If report-only aging is enabled, then Block 638 is bypassed. The report-only aging feature may be established on a global basis (e.g., by setting an AR ONLY GLOBAL bit within an aging control circuit 518) or per database basis (by setting an AR ONLY bit within a corresponding database configuration register (see, e.g., registers 514). When the report-only aging feature is applied to an entry that is scheduled to be aged out (i.e., Block 636 decision results in a “NO” conclusion, which means the entry has exceeded an activity-based aging threshold), an address of the entry may be reported to an aging FIFO, but the entry will not be aged out by having its validity bit reset.

If report-only aging is not enabled, then the selected entry is removed from its database (e.g., the entry is marked as invalid using a CLEAR VALID instruction that causes an access to the CAM core 522), Block 638. An entry may be marked as invalid by resetting the validity bit for the entry. Alternatively, a predetermined data string having a validity bit that is set to an invalid state may be written over the aged out entry. This may be particularly helpful in those embodiments that support background error detection and/or correction with parity and/or Hamming code bits. In some cases, the value of the validity bit may influence the value of the parity and/or Hamming code bits and merely resetting the validity bit when performing an age out operation may cause the entry to be improperly detected as invalid (and then possibly corrected by setting the validity bit to a valid state) during a background error detection and/or correction operation. To prevent the unintentional correction of an aged out entry, the predetermined data string having correct parity and/or Hamming code bits may be used as a default word that is to be written over every entry that is to be aged out of the CAM core.

As illustrated by Block 639, the corresponding age enable bit within the age enable memory array 700 a is cleared so that the selected entry is no longer evaluated for aging (see, Block 632). A check is then made to determine whether the selected entry is subject to reporting to the command host (e.g., NPU 0, NPU 1 or PCI), Block 640. This check can be performed by evaluating the corresponding bit position within the age report enable memory array 700 c. Accordingly, even if a selected entry is identified at Block 637 as being subject to report-only aging at a global or per database level, the check at Block 640 may override these settings for a given entry.

If the aged entry is subject to reporting, then the age reporting enable setting for the entry is cleared, Block 641, and the address/index of the entry is added (i.e., “reported”) to either FIFO 0 or FIFO 1, Block 642. The destination FIFO to which the aged entry is added is controlled by the value of the corresponding bit position within the age FIFO select memory array 700 d. If the aged entry is reported to FIFO 0, then the identity of the aged out entry will ultimately be read from one of the memory mapped interfaces. Alternatively, if the aged entry is reported to FIFO 1, then the identity of the aged entry will ultimately be read from another one of the memory mapped interfaces. The timing of these read operations is a function of the timing of when the respective command hosts (e.g., NPU 0, NPU 1 or PCI), which issue the FIFO read instructions, receive corresponding interrupts that identify FIFO 0 or FIFO 1 as being sufficiently full. In the event FIFO 0 or FIFO 1 becomes completely full before being emptied by a command host, the instruction loading and execution logic 524 may operate to suspend age reporting or even operate to suspend all aging operations until such time as the age reporting FIFOs have been emptied.

The control circuit within the search engine device 500 may also be configured to fill FIFO 0 and FIFO 1 with the addresses of entries that have been aged out of other search engine devices. For example, when the illustrated search engine device 500 is configured as a master search engine device within a depth-cascaded search machine, the cascade interface 536 will operate to pass the indexes of aged out entries from one or more “slave” search engine devices to the aging FIFOs within the master search engine device. Accordingly, as illustrated by FIG. 8, a multi-chip search machine 800 may include a cascaded age reporting path that operates to pass the addresses/indexes of aged out entries along the cascaded chain of slave search engine devices (shown as NSE 1-NSE 7) to the cascade interface of the master search engine device (shown as NSE 0).

Referring now to FIG. 9, a CAM-based search engine device 900 according to further embodiments of the present invention operates to prevent the learning of duplicate entries within a database when the learning operations are performed in response to search and learn (SNL) instructions issued by a command host. In FIG. 9, an instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524 is illustrated. Aspects of this instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524 were previously described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 5. This logic circuit 524 may receive instructions (and supporting data) from a plurality of instruction FIFOs, shown as IF0, IF1 and IF2. These instruction FIFOs may constitute the instruction FIFOs illustrated in Blocks 508, 510 and 512 of FIG. 5. The logic circuit 524 may generate instructions to the CAM core 522 and receive results (e.g., hit or miss signals) from an output of the results logic circuit 528.

The logic circuit 524 is illustrated as receiving a plurality of instructions. According to one environmental example, these instructions may include a search instruction (with Search Key 0) from IF2, a write instruction (with Search Key 1) from IF1, and two equivalent SNL instructions (with Search Key 2) from IF0 that are pipelined into the search engine device 900 in consecutive sequence. In alternative examples, these two equivalent SNL instructions may be received from different instruction FIFOs and be associated with different contexts. The logic circuit 524 arbitrates to determine the sequence of handling the competing instructions and access to the CAM core 522. As described herein, SNL instructions are deemed equivalent when they are associated with same search keys and directed at the same database(s) within the CAM core 522.

The handling of the two equivalent SNL instructions by the logic circuit 524 and CAM core 522 of FIG. 9 will now be described more fully with respect to the flow diagram of FIG. 10. This discussion assumes that the two equivalent SNL instructions from IF0 in FIG. 9 are scheduled as two immediately consecutive instructions and the other two instructions from IF1 and IF2 are scheduled before or after the equivalent SNL instructions are processed. In FIG. 11, the other two instructions are illustrated as being scheduled after the equivalent SNL instructions.

As illustrated by FIG. 10, a sequence of operations 1000 associated with a search and learn instruction may include the issuance of an SNL instruction by a command host (shown as an NPU), Block 1002. This SNL instruction may be received by an instruction FIFO and then passed to the instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524, which includes a scheduler 527, Block 1004. The finite state machine within the logic circuit 524 identifies the instruction as an SNL instruction, Block 1006. As illustrated by Block 1008, a search instruction (i.e., search portion of the SNL instruction) and associated search key are transferred to the CAM core 522. In response to this transfer, a search operation is performed on a selected database(s) within the CAM core 522. This search operation will result in a hit or miss condition. A check is made at Block 1020 to determine whether the search operation resulted in a hit condition or not. Concurrently with the transfer of the search instruction and search key to the CAM core 522, an operation is performed to add the search key to the SNL cache memory device 525 within the logic circuit 524, Block 1010. This SNL cache memory device 525 may operate as a first-in first-out (FIFO) memory device having a predetermined capacity (e.g., 32 entries). In particular, the capacity of the SNL cache memory device 525 should be sufficient to support the operations described herein even under worst case latency conditions. These worst case latency conditions may occur when a depth-cascaded chain of search engine devices are provided and the corresponding database to which an SNL instruction applies is located in the last search engine device within the chain. Under these conditions, the SNL cache memory device 525 in the master search engine device (see, e.g., NSE 0 in FIG. 8), which may be used to keep track of all SNL instructions applied to all search engine devices within the cascaded chain, needs to have sufficient capacity to prevent a duplicate learn operation from occurring in the corresponding database even when a pair of equivalent SNL instructions that are directed to that database are spaced apart from each other in time by a substantial number of clock cycles.

The operation to add a new search key to the SNL cache memory device 525 may constitute a “push” operation onto a FIFO memory “stack.” An operation is then performed to determine whether the newly added search key is a duplicate of a search key currently residing in the SNL cache memory device 525, Block 1012. If a duplicate search key is not present, then the search key is marked with a learn instruction, Blocks 1014 and 1016. However, if a duplicate search key is present, then the search key is marked with a search instruction instead of a learn instruction, Blocks 1014 and 1018. These marking operations may cause the generation of opposite flag values associated with each entry in the FIFO memory device (e.g., flag=1 means the search key is marked with a search instruction and flag=0 means the search key is marked with a learn instruction). These flag values may constitute “marker” information.

Returning to Block 1020, if the search portion of the SNL instruction results in a hit condition, then this hit condition and a corresponding index of a matching entry are returned to a results logic circuit (see, Block 528 in FIG. 5). The corresponding search key within the SNL cache memory device 525 is also removed, Block 1022, and operations associated with the SNL instruction terminate. However, if the search portion of the SNL instruction results in a miss condition, then a check is made at Block 1024 to determine whether the corresponding search key in the SNL cache memory device 525 is marked as a duplicate. If the search key is not marked as a duplicate, then the CAM core 522 undergoes a learn operation with the search key and the search key is removed from the SNL cache memory device 525 (i.e., “popped” from the FIFO memory stack), Block 1028. This learn operation may result in a writing of the search key into a next free address within a specified database in the CAM core 522 and a return of a result indicating the index of the CAM row that received the search key, Block 1030. Operations associated with the performance of a learn instruction are more fully described in commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/620,161, filed Jul. 15, 2003, and Ser. No. 10/688,353, filed Oct. 17, 2003, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, if the check at Block 1024 indicates that the search key has been marked as a duplicate, then a search operation using the search key is performed on the CAM core 522, Block 1026, and the search key is removed from the SNL cache memory device 525. As described more fully hereinbelow with respect to FIGS. 11A–11H, this second search operation associated with a single SNL instruction should result in a hit condition and return the index of a matching entry within the specified database, Block 1030.

The operations illustrated by FIG. 10 will now be described more fully to illustrate how two equivalent SNL instructions are handled within the search engine devices 500 and 900 when they are processed under “worst case” timing conditions that are most likely to result in a duplicate learn operation if conventional SNL instruction handling operations are used (i.e., as immediately consecutive instructions). The timing conditions that typically cause duplicate learn events in a CAM core may vary as a function of instruction latency. For example, if the latency between the generation of an instruction (e.g., LEARN) to the CAM core and the return of a corresponding result from the CAM core is sufficiently long, then many different timing conditions may result in duplicate learn events. In particular, as the latency of processing through a CAM core (or multiple CAM devices within a cascaded chain) increases, the number of cycles that may be spaced between two equivalent learn instructions that are likely to cause a duplicate learn event also typically increases. Accordingly, even timing conditions that do not represent worst case timing conditions (i.e., immediately consecutive learn instructions) may contribute to duplicate learn events in conventional search engine devices.

In FIG. 10, the first of these two SNL instructions will be designated as SNL_1 and the second of these two SNL instructions will be designed as SNL_2. The timing of these instructions assumes that no prior equivalent SNL instructions have been received by the logic circuit 524 and the search key is not already present as a valid entry within the CAM core 522.

The first SNL instruction SNL_1 and search key (Search Key 2) are transferred to the CAM core 522 and the search key is transferred to the SNL cache 525, Blocks 1008 and 1010. A search of the SNL cache 525 is then performed to detect the presence of a duplicate search key. This search of the cache results in a miss, Block 1014. As illustrated by Block 1016, the search key is marked with a learn instruction, which means a flag may be set that designates the search key as one that is to accompany a learn instruction when it is subsequently read from the SNL cache 525. At Block 1020, a check is made to determine whether a search of the CAM core 522 resulted in a hit or miss. Because the CAM core 522 did not contain the search key (i.e., Search Key 2), the check will result in a miss result. Then, at Block 1024, the flag associated with the search key in the SNL cache 525 will be checked to see whether it designates an attached learn instruction (key is not marked as a duplicate) or whether it designates an attached search instruction (key is marked as a duplicate). Because the search key is marked with a learn instruction, the search key and learn instruction are transferred to the CAM core 522 and the search key (Search Key 2) is learned, Block 1028. Thus, the first SNL instruction results in a search operation followed by a learn operation. In response, the CAM core 522 is updated with a new entry (Search Key 2).

At possibly the same time as the first search operation of SNL_1 is being checked at Block 1020, the second SNL instruction SNL_2 and search key (Search Key 2) are transferred to the CAM core 522 and the search key is transferred to the SNL cache 525, Blocks 1008 and 1010. At Blocks 1012 and 1014, the search key will be marked as a duplicate because the earlier equivalent search key is still held by the SNL cache 525. This means a flag may be set that designates the search key as one that is to accompany a search instruction when it is subsequently read from the SNL cache 525, Block 1018.

At Block 1020, a check is made to determine whether a search of the CAM core 522 resulted in a hit or miss. Because the CAM core 522 has not yet learned the search key as a result of the SNL_1 instruction, this check will result in another miss result. Then, at Block 1024, the flag associated with the search key in the SNL cache 525 will be checked to see whether it designates an attached learn instruction (key is not marked as a duplicate) or whether it designates an attached search instruction (key is marked as a duplicate). Because the search key is marked with a search instruction, the duplicate search key and search instruction are transferred to the CAM core 522 and the search operation is performed, Block 1026. At Block 1030, the results of this second search operation associated with SNL_2 are processed. These results include an indication of a hit condition (because of the earlier learn operation associated with SNL_1) and an index of the matching entry. Accordingly, rather than having two SNL instructions result in duplicate learning events into a database (because they arrive too close in time for the first SNL instruction to take effect before the search portion of the second SNL instruction is performed), the second SNL instruction is converted into a search and search (SNS) instruction, which results in a hit condition and returns an address of the learned entry back to a results mailbox.

This sequence of operations is also illustrated by FIGS. 11A–11H. At FIG. 11A, two equivalent SNL instructions (SNL_1 and SNL_2) are illustrated as being received by the scheduler 527 within the instruction loading and execution logic circuit 524. These instructions are followed by a write instruction (Key 1) and a search instruction (Key 0), which may be handled in a conventional manner. At FIG. 11B, the SNL cache 525 is illustrated as including the new search key (Search Key 2) and a flag indicating that the search key is associated with a learn instruction. This key and flag are illustrated by the reference KEY2(L). Although not shown in FIG. 11B, the SNL cache 525 is preferably designed to retain additional information along with the search key and flag. This additional information may include a database identifier and other related information. The CAM core 522 is also illustrated as commencing a first search operation with the search key, in response to SNL_1.

At FIG. 11C, the SNL cache 525 is illustrated as including a duplicate search key and a flag indicating that the duplicate search key is associated with a search instruction. This duplicate key and flag are illustrated by the reference KEY2(S). The CAM core 522 is also illustrated as commencing a second search operation with the search key, in response to SNL_2. At FIG. 11D, the first search operation associated with SNL_1 is illustrated as resulting in a miss result, which is passed back to the logic circuit 524. A write operation using Key 1 is also illustrated. In FIG. 11E, the search operation associated with SNL_2 is illustrated as resulting in a miss result and a learn instruction with the search key is added to the scheduler 527. This learn instruction constitutes the learn portion of SNL_1. A search operation using Key 0 is also illustrated.

In FIG. 11F, the learn instruction and search key are passed to the CAM core 522 and the second search instruction associated with SNL_2 is added to the scheduler 527. Here, the learn portion of SNL_2 is converted into a search instruction in order to prevent a duplicate learning event. The search instruction with Key 0 is also illustrated as resulting in a miss condition. In FIG. 11G, the learn instruction is illustrated as generating a learned address result (i.e., address of Search Key 2 within the CAM core 522 is returned to results mailbox and then passed back to a command host). Finally, in FIG. 11H, the search instruction associated with SNL_2 is illustrated as generating a hit address result (which reflects the fact that SNL_1 resulted in a correct learn of a new entry and SNL_2 resulted in a correct search based on the newly learned entry instead of a duplicate learn of the search key and a negative hit result).

One potential limitation associated with the above-identified operations has to do with the processing of equivalent SNL instructions when a corresponding database to which the SNL instructions apply is full. In such a case, the first SNL instruction will not result in a successful learn operation and the marking of duplicate entries within the SNL cache 525 may result in repeated searches of the CAM core 522 and possibly an absence of learn instructions to update the CAM core 522 when the corresponding database is finally free to accept a new entry. To avoid this potential limitation, operations may be performed to clear one or more duplicate flag settings associated with the related SNL cache entries when a corresponding database (to which the search key is to be learned) is full. In particular, a configuration register associated with the registers 514 (see, FIG. 5) may retain a “SNL_Clear_All_Duplicates” bit that identifies whether one (bit=0) or all (bit=1) of a plurality of related duplicate flag settings with the SNL cache 525 will be cleared whenever the corresponding database is full. Clearing one or all of the duplicate flag settings will enable a duplicate SNL instruction to retain its learn component operation and thereby update the corresponding database within the CAM core 522 when the database gains free entries.

Referring now to FIG. 12, operations 1200 that illustrate additional methods of processing instructions according to embodiments of the present invention will be described. These operations, which may be performed by Blocks 524, 522 and 528 in FIG. 5, assume that the SNL cache 525 of FIG. 5 has been replaced by a searchable instruction cache (I_CACHE). This cache may be configured as a content addressable memory (CAM) instruction buffer that supports varying search key widths. This CAM-based I_CACHE may be subject to periodic aging operations to removed unwanted entries (e.g., old entries). The frequency of the aging operations should be sufficient to prevent the I_CACHE from becoming full. At Block 1202, a check is made to determine when an incoming instruction received by the instruction loading and execution logic 524 is a SEARCH instruction. If not, a check is then made to determine whether the incoming instruction is a LEARN instruction, Block 1204. If the incoming instruction is neither a SEARCH instruction nor a LEARN instruction, the instruction is inserted into the instruction pipeline, Block 1224, and then passed to the CAM core, Block 1226.

However, if the incoming instruction is a LEARN instruction, then a search is made of the I_CACHE to detect the presence of an equivalent search key (i.e., same key value and same database identifier), Block 1206 b. At Block 1208 b, a check is made to determine whether an equivalent search key was detected based on the search at Block 1206 b. If an equivalent search key is not present, then the search key is added as an entry to the I_CACHE and a duplicate bit associated with the search key entry is set (e.g., duplicate bit is set to 1 binary), Block 1214. The instruction insertion operations starting at Block 1224 are then performed. But, if an equivalent search key is present based on the check at Block 1208 b, then a check is made of the I_CACHE to determine whether a duplicate bit for the search key has been asserted, Block 1212. If not, then the duplicate bit is set (i.e., asserted) at Block 1216 and control is passed to Block 1224. If yes, the LEARN instruction is blocked, Block 1222, and control is passed to Block 1224, where the CAM core may experience of no-op cycle. Although the learn instruction is blocked, additional operations may be performed to update a results mailbox to indicate that the search key associated with the blocked instruction was previously learned.

Referring again to Block 1202, if a SEARCH instruction is detected, then control is passed to Block 1206 a, where a search of the I_CACHE is performed to detect an equivalent search key. If an equivalent search key is not present, Block 1208 a, then control is passed to Block 1224. But, if an equivalent search key is present, then a check is made to determine whether the corresponding duplicate bit is asserted, Block 1210. If a duplicate bit is asserted, then control is passed to Block 1224. If the duplicate bit is not asserted, then the duplicate bit is set, Block 1218, and the SEARCH instruction is converted into a LEARN instruction, Block 1220, before control is passed to Block 1224.

Once an instruction has been inserted into the instruction pipeline at Block 1224, the instruction (e.g., SEARCH, LEARN, WRITE, READ, etc.) is performed within the CAM core, Block 1226. If the result of a CAM core operation indicates that a search has been performed and a MISS result has been generated, Block 1228, then the corresponding search key is added to the I_CACHE, Block 1230, and control is passed to Block 1232 where results of a CAM core access are processed. (See, e.g., FIGS. 3–4).

The operations illustrated by FIG. 12 will now be described more fully using multiple examples of instruction sequences that illustrate how the presence of an I_CACHE within the instruction loading and execution logic 524 can operate to at least reduce the occurrence of unintentional duplicate learn events within a CAM core. In a first example, two equivalent LEARN instructions, which have the same key and are directed to the same database, are scheduled for insertion into the instruction pipeline as two immediately consecutive instructions. This timing represents a worst case scenario where a duplicate learn event is most likely to occur using conventional instruction processing operations. These two LEARN instructions may be issued by the same command host or by different command hosts that are supporting different contexts within the search engine device 500. The first LEARN instruction passes to Block 1206 b where a search of the I_CACHE is made to determine whether the equivalent search key is stored therein. Assuming that an equivalent search key is not already present, then the search key (and database identifier) are stored within the I_CACHE and the corresponding duplicate bit is set, Block 1214. The instruction is then inserted into the instruction pipeline and passed to the CAM core as a LEARN instruction, Blocks 1224 and 1226. This LEARN instruction will cause the CAM core to be updated with the new search key in the designated database. The address of the newly learned entry will then be returned to a corresponding results mailbox (for the given context) and thereafter communicated to the command host that issued the corresponding LEARN instruction.

The second LEARN instruction also passes to Block 1208 b where its search key is compared with the entries in the I_CACHE. Because of the earlier I_CACHE update caused by the first LEARN instruction, the check at Block 1208 b results in an affirmative answer. A check to determine whether the corresponding duplicate bit has been asserted is then performed, Block 1212. This check also results in an affirmative answer (based on the earlier learn of the equivalent search key) and control is passed to Block 1222. At Block 1222, the second LEARN instruction is blocked in order to prevent a duplicate learn event from occurring within the CAM core.

In a second example, two equivalent SEARCH instructions, which have the same key and are directed to the same database, are scheduled for insertion into the instruction pipeline as two spaced apart instructions. This example assumes the database does not contain the search key. At Blocks 1202 and 1206 a, a check is initially performed to determine whether the first instruction is a SEARCH instruction and then a search is made of the I_CACHE to detect the presence of an equivalent search key. For purposes of this example, this search of the I_CACHE results in a negative result, Block 1208 a, and control is passed to Block 1224. At Blocks 1224 and 1226, a first SEARCH operation is performed on the CAM core. A MISS result is returned in response to the first SEARCH operation and the I_CACHE is updated with the corresponding search key, Blocks 1228 and 1230. The MISS result in then processed, Block 1232.

Assuming now that the lag time associated the second SEARCH instruction relative to the first SEARCH instruction enables the I_CACHE to be updated before the second SEARCH instruction is inserted into the pipeline, then the second SEARCH instruction results in a search of the I_CACHE, which is performed at Block 1206 a. The result of this search indicates the presence of the equivalent search key, Block 1208 a. Then, at Block 1210, a check is made to determine whether the duplicate bit associated with the equivalent search key is asserted. Because the duplicate bit has not been set, control is passed to Blocks 1218 and 1220. At Block 1218 the duplicate bit is set and at Block 1220 the second SEARCH instruction is converted into a LEARN instruction. This LEARN instruction is inserted into the instruction pipeline, Block 1224, and then the operations illustrated by Blocks 1226, 1228 and 1232 are performed. At Block 1232, the address of the entry that received the new search key during the LEARN operation is passed to a corresponding results mailbox and the command host is ultimately notified of the entry address corresponding to the second SEARCH instruction. In this manner, the I_CACHE may be used to not only prevent duplicate learn events, as described in the first example, but may also be used in certain circumstances to block repeated MISS results from occurring in response to repeated equivalent search operations. If this feature is not necessary, then the instruction loading and execution logic 524 may be programmed so that the operation illustrated by Block 1202 is not performed and the operations illustrated by Blocks 1206 a, 1208 a, 1210, 1218 and 1220 are bypassed.

According to further aspects of the present invention, an integrated circuit chip including a CAM-based search engine, such as the search engine device 500 described above with reference to FIG. 5, may include an index translation capability. Such an index translation can, for example, provide for translation from an “absolute” index in a searchable memory space of a search machine including one or more search engine devices to a more useable format, such as a database relative index, a memory pointer for a memory associated with a command source, and/or a memory address for an external memory (e.g., SRAM) associated with the search machine. Such translation can reduce or eliminate instruction cycles in the command source and, thus, can increase overall system performance and/or throughput. According to additional aspects, respective different index translations can be provided for respective CAM segments in a search machine such that, for example, absolute indices can be returned for a first database, database relative indices may be returned for a second database, memory pointers may be returned for a third database, and external SRAM addresses may be generated for a fourth database. Such segment-by-segment translation can provide design flexibility for multi-level search applications, and can allow for more efficient usage of external memory, as CAM segments that are not used for associated data functions need not be allocated space in the external memory. According to additional aspects, the translation can account for varying entry sizes for databases stored in the search machine and/or for varying entry sizes in external memory.

Index translation according to some embodiments of the present invention can also provide an ability to more efficiently use external memory space, such as external associated data SRAM. For example, in contrast with conventional techniques wherein CAM indices are directly used to address associated data SRAM, index translation according to embodiments of the present invention can avoid allocating portions of the external SRAM space to CAM segments that do not have associated data.

FIG. 13 illustrates an integrated circuit chip 1300 including a CAM 1310 and an index translation circuit 1320, operatively associated with the CAM 1310. The CAM 1310 is configured to produce CAM indices 1315 responsive to search instructions 1305 according to some embodiments of the present invention. The index translation circuit 1320 is configured to translate the CAM indices 1315 to indexes or addresses 1325 in another memory space. For example, in exemplary embodiments described herein, the CAM indices 1315 may include absolute CAM indices, i.e., indices in a memory space of search machine of which the CAM is a component, to other indexes or addresses, e.g., database relative indexes, memory pointers or associated data memory addresses, that may be more useable by, for example, a command source or associated data memory.

FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary index translation capability provided in the search engine device 500 of FIG. 5, which includes index translation logic (ITL) 526 that is operatively associated with a TCAM core 522, instruction loading and execution logic 524, results logic 528, a cascade interface 536 and an associated data SRAM interface 534. As shown, the ITL 526 is configured to receive absolute CAM indices from the TCAM core 522 and, if in a depth-cascaded application, from the cascade interface 536 (as shown in dotted line, the ITL 526 and results logic 528 may be viewed as combined entities for signal flow purposes in cascade mode). The ITL 526 is programmably configurable (i.e., via the NPU interface) on a segment-by-segment basis to leave received CAM indices in an absolute index format or to translate the received CAM indices to database relative indexes (i.e., indexes relative to database boundaries defined in the TCAM core 522 and/or in TCAM of search engine devices coupled to the cascade interface 536) or memory pointers (i.e., memory locations for a command source), and to transmit the indices to an external device (e.g., an NPU) via the results logic 528. The ITL 526 is also programmably configurable to translate the received CAM indices for selected segments to associated data SRAM addresses that are applied to an external SRAM via the SRAM interface 534 for accessing associated data. As discussed below, the ITL 526 may be configurable such that the external SRAM can be efficiently utilized by avoiding, for example, mapping portions of the external SRAM memory space to segments of the CAM that do not have associated data, and by mapping CAM indices to the external SRAM in a manner that accounts for entry size in the CAM and the external SRAM.

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary implementation of a search machine 1500 including n depth-cascaded search engine devices 1510. The search machine 1500 has a searchable memory space including the CAM cores of the cascaded search engine devices SE₀–SE_(n−1). A first search engine device SE₀ provides search instructions 1514 responsive to a command source to cascade-coupled search engine devices SE₁–SE_(n−1), which responsively provide absolute CAM indices, i.e., indices defined in the searchable memory space of the search machine 1500, back to index translation logic 1516 in the first search engine device SE₀. The index translation logic 1516 includes a segment mapping table (SMT) 1518 that is programmable to provide translation of the absolute CAM indices to database relative indexes and/or memory pointers (which may be provided to a command source (via a results mailbox 1512), and/or memory addresses for an associated data SRAM.

It will be understood that the implementation of FIG. 15, wherein index translation is performed in one search engine device SE₀ of a cascade of search engine devices SE₀–SE_(n−1), is provided for purposes of illustration, and that other embodiments of the invention may implement index translation in other ways. For example, in some multi-device applications, index translation may be distributed over a plurality of search engine devices, e.g., each search engine device may perform its own translation, rather than passing along absolute indices as described above with reference to FIG. 15.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary organization of an SMT 1620 according to further embodiments of the present invention. The SMT 1620 stores respective index mapping data for respective segments of CAM cores 1610. In particular, a CAM core 1610 of a first search engine device SE₀ of a search machine includes 32 segments 0–31 that are associated with respective ones of a first 32 data locations 0–31 of the SMT 1620. Similarly, a CAM core 1610 of a second search engine device SE₁ includes 32 segments 0–31 that associated with respective ones of a second 32 data locations 32–63 of the SMT 1620. Similar arrangement of index mapping data is provided in the SMT 1620 for other CAM cores of the search machine up to a CAM core 1610 of an eighth search engine device SE₇, which has segments 0–31 corresponding to data locations 224–255 of the SMT 1620. For the illustrated embodiments, it will be appreciated that a search machine could include a lesser number of CAM cores, in which case some index mapping data locations of the SMT 1620 may remain unused.

Various segments of CAM cores of a search machine may be allocated to various databases (e.g., for different forwarding tables). According to further aspects of the present invention, these databases may be translated independently using a segment mapping table along the lines illustrated in FIG. 16.

An exemplary two-search engine device search machine illustrated in FIG. 17 includes a CAM core 1710 a of a first search engine device SEQ, which corresponds to mapping data locations 0–31 of a SMT 1720, and a second CAM core 1710 b of a second search engine device SE₁, which corresponds to mapping data locations 32–63 of the SMT 1720. Segments 0 and 1 of the first CAM core 1710 a may be allocated to a first database DB0, and index mapping data for these segments is stored in corresponding locations 0 and 1 of the SMT 1720. This index mapping data may, for example, map absolute indices corresponding to these segments to database relative indices or to memory pointers for a command source. Segments 2 and 3 of the first CAM core 1710 a may be allocated to a second database DB1, and corresponding index mapping data for these segments is stored in corresponding locations 2 and 3 of the SMT 1720. As shown, this index mapping data may be used to translate absolute indices corresponding to these segments to memory addresses for associated data in an external SRAM 1730. As illustrated, the mapping to the SRAM 1730 may be discontinuous, i.e., the mapping data in locations 2 and 3 may map to discontinuous blocks of memory in the SRAM 1730. A segment 31 of the first CAM core 1710 a and a segment 0 of the second CAM core 1710 b are allocated to a third database DB2, with corresponding index mapping locations 31 and 32 mapping to additional blocks in the SRAM 1730. A fourth database DB3 may be allocated to a single segment 31 of the second CAM core 1710 b, and corresponding index mapping data in a location 63 of the SMT 1720 may map absolute indices in a similar manner to that described for the first database DB0.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary SMT data format 1800 for index mapping from a first domain, for example, an absolute index space, to a second domain, for example, a database index space, a memory pointer space or an associated data memory space (e.g., in an external memory, such as an SRAM). A first field 1810 includes a base address that serves as a reference for the second domain in the first domain. For example, the first field 1810 may represent a base address for a particular database in an absolute index domain. A second field 1820 includes a shift factor that may be applied to account for data entry size in the first domain and/or the second domain. A third field 1830 is a translation type indicator used to indicate which type of index translation procedure is to be applied to the index to be translated using the first and second fields 1810 and 1820.

For example, as shown in FIG. 19, a translation type indicator field corresponding to a segment identifier 1912 of an index 1910 (which also includes a segment entry offset 1914) in an SMT 1920 may indicate that a “substitute and shift” procedure is to be applied in translating the index 1910. A base address value responding to the segment identifier 1912 in the SMT 1920 is substituted for the segment identifier 1912, i.e., appended to the segment entry offset 1914. The result 1930 is then shifted in a shifter 1940 according to a shift factor 1934 corresponding to the segment identifier 1912 in the SMT 1920, thus producing a translated index (or address) 1950.

Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 20, an indicator field corresponding to a segment identifier 2012 of an index 2010 in an SMT 2020 may prescribe application of a “shift then add” procedure on the index 2010. A shift factor 2034 corresponding to the segment identifier 2012 in the SMT 2020 is identified, along with a corresponding base address 2032. The shift factor 2034 is applied to the segment entry offset 2014 of the index 2020 in a shifter 2030. The shifted result 2040 is then added to the base address 2032 in an adder 2050 to produce a translated index (or address) 2060.

FIG. 21 shows an index mapping data format for a programmable segment mapping table provided in the index mapping logic 526 of the exemplary search engine device 500 of FIGS. 5 and 13. BASE_ADDRESS is a 19-bit base address field for a CAM segment in a search machine, while SHIFT_FACTOR is a 4-bit value that specifies a bit shift applied in index translation for the segment. Table 3 defines bit shift distance and direction to SHIFT_FACTOR:

TABLE 3 SHIFT FACTOR Value Numeric Binary Description  0 0000 Shift 4 bits to the right  1 0001 Shift 3 bits to the right  2 0010 Shift 2 bits to the right  3 0011 Shift 1 bit to the right  4 0100 No Shift  5 0101 Shift 1 bit to the left  6 0110 Shift 2 bits to the left  7 0111 Shift 3 bits to the left  8 1000 Shift 4 bits to the left  9 1001 Shift 5 bits to the left 10 1010 Shift 6 bits to the left 11 1011 Shift 7 bits to the left 12–15 1100–1111 Reserved RESULT_TYPE is a 1-bit field indicating the type of index translation operations to be applied using the BASE_ADDRESS and SHIFT_FACTOR values, i.e., a “substitute and shift” or a “shift then add” procedure.

FIG. 22 illustrates exemplary operations for translating a 22-bit absolute CAM index 2210 to a 22-bit database relative index 2250 using a “substitute and shift” procedure along the lines described above with reference to FIG. 19. As shown, index 2210 includes an 8-bit segment identifier 2212 that is a combination of a 3-bit device identifier and a 5-bit segment identifier referenced to the device identified by the device identifier field, and a 14-bit segment entry offset field 2214 that identifies an offset within the segment identified by the segment identifier 2112. The lower 8 bits of the BASE_ADDRESS corresponding to the segment identifier 2212 in the SMT 2220 are substituted for the segment identifier 2212. The result 2230 is right-shifted zero to four bits (to remove trailing zeros) in a shifter 2240 based on the value of the corresponding SHIFT_FACTOR to produce the database relative index 2250.

In this database relative translation mode, the BASE_ADDRESS is simply substituted for the segment identifier in the absolute index. In order to maintain priority in the particular database, the BASE_ADDRESS values for the database segments preferably reflect the priority arrangement of the segments, i.e., higher priority segments are assigned lower BASE_ADDRESS values in a linear fashion. The SHIFT_FACTOR is used to compensate for entry size for the particular database, i.e., to normalize the indices produced by substituting the BASE_ADDRESS for the absolute segment identifier based on entry size. Exemplary entry size and SHIFT_FACTOR relationships are shown in Table 4:

TABLE 4 Entry Size SHIFT FACTOR (binary)  36 bits 4 (0100)  72 bits 3 (0011) 144 bits 2 (0010) 288 bits 1 (0001) 576 bits 0 (0000) Table 5 illustrates an exemplary two-database example for the database relative translation mode:

TABLE 5 SMT Description Table BASE_(—) SHIFT_(—) RESULT_(—) Database Index ADDRESS FACTOR TYPE Database Segment 0 0 0 to 4 0 DB0 0 1 1 0 to 4 0 DB0 1 2 0 0 to 4 0 DB1 0 3 1 0 to 4 0 DB1 1 4 2 0 to 4 0 DB1 2 5 2 0 to 4 0 DB0 2 6 3 0 to 4 0 DB1 3 7 4 0 to 4 0 DB1 4 8 5 0 to 4 0 DB1 5 9 3 0 to 4 0 DB0 3 10 4 0 to 4 0 DB0 4 As can be seen from Table 5, segments in the search machine that are allocated to databases DB0 and DB1 are allocated in a non-contiguous fashion. The BASE_ADDRESS values are linearly incremented for each database to maintain the priority relationships among the segments. The SHIFT_FACTOR values reflect the data entry width for the respective databases DB0, DB1.

FIG. 23 illustrates exemplary operations for translating a 22-bit absolute CAM index 2310 to a 29-bit memory pointer 2370 for memory associated with a command source using a “shift then add” procedure along the lines described above with reference to FIG. 20. According to this procedure, a 14-bit segment entry offset 2314 is first shifted right or left in a shifter 2330 based on the SHIFT_FACTOR corresponding to the 8-bit segment identifier 2312 in an SMT 2320, producing a 10 to 21 bit value 2350. The corresponding BASE_ADDRESS identified in the SMT 2320 is appended to 10 zero bits to produce a value 2340 that is then added to the value 2350 in an adder 2360 to produce the translated memory pointer 2370.

The SHIFT_FACTOR value reflects both the data entry size for the search space (CAM core) and the data entry size in the command source memory. Table 6 illustrates exemplary SHIFT_FACTOR values as a function of CAM core entry size and command memory entry size:

TABLE 6 SHIFT FACTOR Value Command Source Memory Entry Size CAM Core Entry Size (bytes) 36 bits 72 bits 144 bits 288 bits 576 bits 1 4 3 2 1 0 2 5 4 3 2 1 4 6 5 4 3 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 16 8 7 6 5 4 32 9 8 7 6 5 64 10 9 8 7 6 128 11 10 9 8 7

FIG. 24 illustrates exemplary operations for translating a 22-bit absolute CAM index 2410 to a 23-bit associated SRAM address 2470 using a “shift then add” procedure along the lines described above with reference to FIG. 20. According to this procedure, a 14-bit segment entry offset 2414 is first shifted right or left in a shifter 2430 based on the SHIFT_FACTOR corresponding to an 8-bit segment identifier 2314 in an SMT 2420, producing a 10 to 16 bit value 2450. The 13 least significant bits of a corresponding BASE_ADDRESS identified in the SMT 2420 are appended to 10 zero bits to produce a value 2440 that is then added to the value 2450 in an adder 2460 to produce the translated memory address 2470.

Similar to the generation of translated memory pointers, the SHIFT_FACTOR in this mode takes into account the CAM core entry width and the entry width in the associated SRAM. Combining these values allows the index translation logic to compact the memory needed per CAM segment, enabling optimum usage of associated memory per segment. Table 7 shows exemplary SHIFT_FACTOR values for various CAM core entry size and SRAM entry size combinations:

TABLE 7 CAM Core SHIFT_FACTOR Value Entry Associated SRAM Entry Width Size 32 bits 64 bits 128 bits  36 bits 4 (0100) 5 (0101) 6 (0110)  72 bits 3 (0011) 4 (0100) 5 (0101) 144-bits 2 (0010) 3 (0011) 4 (0100) 288 bits 1 (0001) 2 (0010) 3 (0011) 576 bits 0 (0000) 1 (0001) 2 (0001)

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical preferred embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims. 

1. An integrated circuit chip comprising: a search engine including a content addressable memory (CAM) configured to produce CAM indices responsive to search instructions provided to the search engine and an index translation circuit operatively coupled to the CAM and configured to provide translation of the CAM indices, wherein the index translation circuit is configured to receive CAM indices from a second search engine device and is configurable to provide independent index mappings for respective segments of the second search machine device.
 2. An integrated circuit chip comprising: a search engine including a content addressable memory (CAM) configured to produce CAM indices responsive to search instructions provided to the search engine and an index translation circuit operatively coupled to the CAM and configured to provide translation of the CAM indices, wherein the index translation circuit is configurable to provide independent index mappings for respective segments of the CAM, wherein the index translation circuit comprises a mapping table operative to associate respective combinations of a shift factor and a base address for a database with respective CAM segment identifiers, wherein the shift factors indicate database entry size, and wherein the index translation circuit is operative to receive a CAM index, to identify a base address and a shift factor corresponding to a CAM segment identifier in the received CAM index, to concatenate the identified base address with a segment entry offset in the received CAM index, and to shift the concatenated result according to the identified shift factor to produce a database relative index corresponding to the received CAM index.
 3. An integrated circuit chip comprising: a search engine including a content addressable memory (CAM) configurable to store a plurality of databases and operative to produce CAM indices in an index space of a search machine comprising the search engine responsive to search instructions provided to the search engine and an index translation circuit operatively coupled to the CAM and configured to translate the CAM indices produced by the CAM to database relative indices, wherein the index translation circuit is configurable to provide independent index mappings for respective segments of the CAM and wherein the index translation circuit is configured to receive CAM indices from a second search machine device and is configurable to provide independent CAM index mappings for respective segments of the second search machine device.
 4. An integrated circuit chip comprising: a search engine comprising a content addressable memory (CAM) configured to produce CAM indices responsive to search instructions provided to the search engine and an index translation circuit operatively coupled to the CAM and configured to store memory entry size information and to provide translation of the CAM indices to another memory space based on the stored memory entry size information.
 5. An integrated circuit chip according to claim 4, wherein the memory entry size information comprises entry size information for a database in the CAM.
 6. An integrated circuit chip according to claim 4, wherein the memory entry size information comprises entry size information for a memory external to the chip.
 7. An integrated circuit chip according to claim 4, wherein the index translation circuit is configured to store a base address for a memory space and a shift factor indicating a data entry size for the memory space and to generate a translated address or index from a CAM index according to the base address and the shift factor.
 8. An integrated circuit chip according to claim 7, wherein the memory space comprises one of a database, a memory space associated with a command source for the search engine, and a memory space of a external memory device.
 9. An integrated circuit chip according to claim 7, wherein the shift factor further indicates a data entry size for the CAM. 